Protoplanetary Disk Simulations with the Hall Effect

Protoplanetary disks are accretion disks of gas and dust that surround newly formed stars, which eventually form planets. Studying these objects can yield the link between the evolution of protoplanetary disks, the formation of planetary systems, and the possible development of life on habitable planets. In order to see how the Hall effect influences the formation of disk substructure, we compare the results of two simulations: one with the Hall Effect and one without for a total time of 620 years. In these simulations, we found that the Hall effect dominates the disk dynamics within the inner 10 AU of the disk. Without the Hall Effect in the system, substructures did form, and substructure formation was suppressed with the Hall Effect present.